Method and system for pumping of an optical resonator

ABSTRACT

A method of pumping an optical resonator includes directing light generated by a pumping light at the optical resonator, exciting a propagating surface state of the optical resonator at an interface of the optical resonator, and changing a propagating frequency of the light proximate the interface, where the changed frequency corresponds to a propagation frequency of the surface state. The optical resonator includes a photonic crystal and a material, where the interface is formed between the photonic crystal and the material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/941,341, titled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PUMPING OF AN OPTICALRESONATOR” filed Jul. 12, 2013, the entire disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety for any and allpurposes.

BACKGROUND

Photonic crystals are optical structures including a periodicarrangement of a dielectric or metallo-dielectric material. The periodicarrangement exhibits a strong interaction with light, and affects thepropagation of electromagnetic waves (EM) in a manner analogous to theway the periodic potential in a semiconductor crystal affects electronmotion. The periodic arrangement defines allowed photon propagationbands and forbidden photon propagation bandgaps. Optical pumping is aprocess in which light is used to excite the medium or some of itsconstituents into other energy levels. Typically electrons are raisedfrom a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one.

SUMMARY

One embodiment relates to a method of pumping an optical resonator. Themethod includes directing light generated by a pumping light at theoptical resonator, exciting a propagating surface state of the opticalresonator at an interface of the optical resonator, and changing apropagating frequency of the light proximate the interface, where thechanged frequency corresponds to a propagation frequency of the surfacestate. The optical resonator includes a photonic crystal and a material,where the interface is formed between the photonic crystal and thematerial.

Another embodiment relates to a non-transitory computer-readable mediumhaving instructions stored thereon, the instructions form a programexecutable by a processing circuit to control pumping an opticalresonator. The instructions include instructions to control generationof light by a pumping light source, instructions to control directinglight at the optical resonator, instructions to monitor excitation of apropagating surface state of the optical resonator at the interface ofthe optical resonator, and instructions to monitor a change in apropagating frequency of the light proximate the interface, where thechanged frequency corresponds to a propagation frequency of the surfacestate. The light is generated by the pumping light source, and theoptical resonator includes a photonic crystal and a material, where aninterface is formed between the photonic crystal and the material.

Another embodiment relates to a system for pumping an optical resonator,including a controllable pumping light source configured to generatelight and direct light at the optical resonator. The optical resonatorincludes a photonic crystal and a material, where an interface is formedbetween the photonic crystal and the material. The system furtherincludes a processing circuit configured to control generation of lightby a pumping light source, control directing light at the opticalresonator, monitor excitation of a propagating surface state of theoptical resonator at the interface of the optical resonator, and monitora change in a propagating frequency of the light proximate theinterface, where the changed frequency corresponds to a propagationfrequency of the surface state.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be inany way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments,and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and featureswill become apparent by reference to the drawings and the followingdetailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a process for pumping an optical resonatoraccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a process for pumping an optical resonatoraccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process for pumping an optical resonatoraccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process for pumping an optical resonatoraccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a process for pumping an optical resonatoraccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a photonic crystal structure accordingto an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a band gap diagram according to an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is block diagram of a system for pumping an optical resonatoraccording to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented here.

Referring generally to the figures, various embodiments for a method ofpumping an optical resonator are shown and described. Photonic crystalsare periodic nanostructures of materials with differing refractiveindices that affect the propagation of photons therethrough. Photoniccrystals are described in E. Yablonovitch, Photonic Crystals:Semiconductors Of Light, Scientific American, December 2001, Volume 285,Number 6, pages 47-55, which is incorporated herein by reference.Periodic variations of the crystal structure may be one-dimensional,two-dimensional, or three-dimensional variations, as needed for aparticular application, as described in Yablonovitch. Photonic crystalsmay also be used to construct optical resonator devices which arespectrally limited (i.e. limited by the photonic crystals or limited inchromatic index). Because of the periodic structure of a photoniccrystal, the propagation of certain light frequencies therethrough maybe inhibited, resulting in bandgaps corresponding to the inhibitedfrequencies. Only certain modes of light can propagate through thephotonic crystal based on allowed frequencies.

A photonic crystal also has a surface state where waves of certain modesmay propagate. A surface state may exist on a dielectric-dielectricinterface where one of the dielectrics has a negative, or effectivelynegative, permittivity. For example, where one or both of thedielectrics is a material having a band gap (e.g., an optical resonatorcomprised of a photonic crystal, etc.), a surface state may exist at theinterface between the photonic crystal and the other dielectric in theforbidden energy bands of the photonic crystal. Such surface states aredescribed in Robert D. Meade, Karl D. Brommer, Andrew M. Rappe, and J.D. Joannopoulos, Electromagnetic Bloch Waves at the Surface of aPhotonic Crystal, Physical Review B, Vol 44, 10961 (1991), which isincorporated herein by reference. Such an interface may be between aphotonic crystal and another material (e.g., a metal, a dielectric,another photonic crystal, a different material, a gas, the air, vacuum,etc.). The bandgap at the interface may be a complete bandgap (i.e., allwave vectors are blocked) or may be an incomplete bandgap (i.e. onlypartial wave vector ranges are blocked). A band gap diagram with an bandgap 702 is shown in FIG. 7. A photonic crystal may also guide surfacestates as described in A. I. Rahachou and I. V. Zozoulenko, WaveguidingProperties Of Surface States In Photonic Crystals, Linkoping University,Department of Science and Technology, bearing a date of Oct. 31, 2005,pages 1-4, which is incorporated herein by reference. Because a surfacestate is confined to within a limited range of the photonic crystal'sinterface, with its modal envelope decaying rapidly away from theinterface, surface states have similar confinement and surfacepropagation characteristics as plasmons. However, since they can existin purely dielectric materials, without the absorption associated withmetals, surface states can provide longer lifetimes and greaterpropagation distances than plasmons, offering an advantage intechnological applications.

Optical pumping may be used to transfer energy from an external pumpingsource (e.g., an optical source, a laser, out-of-band light, etc.) intoa structure consisting of photonic crystals. In one embodiment, thepumping source supplies light. However, because a surface state existswithin a frequency bandgap of the photonic crystal bordered system, itis difficult for such an externally propagating pumping light to exciteelectromagnetic surface state waves. In an embodiment, excitation of thesurface state is achieved by changing the frequency of the light fromthat of the pumping light to a frequency within the bandgap at which thesurface state exists and propagates. The pump light propagates throughthe photonic crystal or the other material forming the interface untilit reaches the vicinity of the interface as described above. At thispoint the pump light undergoes a nonlinear interaction with the material(either that of the photonic crystal, that of the other material formingthe interface, or that of another material near the interface) andchanges its frequency to one within the bandgap at which the surfacestate exists and propagates. The excitation may then propagate as asurface state along the surface of the photonic crystal (i.e. along theinterface). In the case of an interface with a partial bandgap asdescribed above, the frequency converted pump light ideally has wavevectors within the partial bandgap (i.e., non-propagating wave vectors).

Various methods exist for frequency conversion. According to anembodiment, a coherent, nonlinear pumping process is used to change thefrequency of the pump light and excite a surface state. The nonlinearfrequency conversion takes place in a nonlinear optical material, whichmay be inorganic (e.g., lithium niobate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate), or which may be organic (e.g., L-arginine maleatedihydrate). In an embodiment, the nonlinear material is a component ofthe photonic crystal. In an embodiment, the nonlinear optical materialis included in the other material forming the interface with thephotonic crystal. In another embodiment, the nonlinear optical materialis not at the interface, but is close nearby, such that it is within themodal envelope of the surface state. Nonlinear frequency conversionprocesses and materials are described in Fundamentals of NonlinearOptics, by Peter E. Powers, ISBN 978-1420093513 (2011), which isincorporated herein by reference. As one example, the process is basedon Raman scattering techniques. As another example, the process is basedon harmonic generation. As another example, the process is based onfrequency sum or difference mixing. As another example, the process isbased on an electro-optic effect. As another example, the process isbased on coherent multi-photon absorption, in which two or more photonsare coherently absorbed into an excited state which then radiates at thesurface state frequency.

According to an embodiment, a non-coherent pumping process is used tochange the frequency of the pump light and excite a surface state. Asone example, the process is based on fluorescence. As another example,the process is based on photon upconversion. Such photon upconversionmay involve sequential upconversion, in which a first photon is absorbedinto a relatively long-lived excited state, which then (before itdecays) absorbs another photon causing excitation into a higher excitedstate, which then radiates at the surface state frequency.

Referring to FIG. 1, a flow diagram of a process 100 for pumping anoptical resonator, is shown, according to an embodiment. In alternativeembodiments, fewer, additional, and/or different steps may be performed.Also, the use of a flow diagram is not meant to be limiting with respectto the order of steps performed. Process 100 includes generating pumplight using a pumping light source (102), projecting the pump light atthe photonic crystal (1D, 2D, or 3D) optical resonator and propagatingthe pump light through the photonic crystal such that the pump lightreaches an interface of the optical resonator (104). The interface maybe between photonic crystal and another material (e.g., a metal, adielectric, another photonic crystal, a gas, the air, vacuum, etc.).Process 100 further includes changing a frequency of the lightnear/proximate the interface (106), exciting a surface state of theoptical resonator at the interface of the optical resonator (108), andpropagating the surface state with the changed frequency at theinterface (110).

Referring to FIG. 2, a flow diagram of a process 200 for pumping anoptical resonator, is shown, according to an embodiment. In alternativeembodiments, fewer, additional, and/or different steps may be performed.Also, the use of a flow diagram is not meant to be limiting with respectto the order of steps performed. Process 200 includes generatingout-of-visible band light using a light source (202), projecting theout-of-visible light at the photonic crystal optical resonator andpropagating the light through the photonic crystal such that the lightreaches an interface of the optical resonator (204), changing afrequency of the light near the interface (206), exciting a surfacestate of the optical resonator at the interface of the optical resonator(208), and propagating the surface state at the interface (210).

Referring to FIG. 3, a flow diagram of a process 300 for pumping anoptical resonator, is shown, according to an embodiment. In alternativeembodiments, fewer, additional, and/or different steps may be performed.Also, the use of a flow diagram is not meant to be limiting with respectto the order of steps performed. Process 300 includes generating pumplight using a pumping light source (302), projecting the pump light atthe photonic crystal optical resonator and propagating the pump lightthrough the photonic crystal such that the pump light reaches aninterface of the optical resonator (304), using a coherent, non-linearprocess to change the frequency of the light near the interface (306),exciting a surface state of the optical resonator at the interface ofthe optical resonator (308). The coherent, non-linear process may bebased on Raman scattering (310), harmonic generation (312), frequencysum or difference mixing (314), coherent multi-photon absorption (316),or an electro-optic effect (318). Process 300 further includespropagating the surface state of the changed frequency at the interface(320).

Referring to FIG. 4, a flow diagram of a process 400 for pumping anoptical resonator, is shown, according to an embodiment. In alternativeembodiments, fewer, additional, and/or different steps may be performed.Also, the use of a flow diagram is not meant to be limiting with respectto the order of steps performed. Process 400 includes generating pumplight using a pumping light source (402), projecting the pump light atthe photonic crystal optical resonator and propagating the pump lightthrough the photonic crystal such that the pump light reaches aninterface of the optical resonator (404), using fluorescence to changethe frequency of the light near the interface (406), exciting a surfacestate of the optical resonator at the interface of the optical resonator(408), and propagating the surface state of the changed frequency at theinterface (410).

Referring to FIG. 5, a flow diagram of a process 500 for pumping anoptical resonator, is shown, according to an embodiment. In alternativeembodiments, fewer, additional, and/or different steps may be performed.Also, the use of a flow diagram is not meant to be limiting with respectto the order of steps performed. Process 500 includes generating pumplight using a pumping light source (502), projecting the pump light atthe photonic crystal optical resonator and propagating the pump lightthrough the photonic crystal such that the pump light reaches aninterface of the optical resonator (504), using sequential photonupconversion to change the frequency of the light near the interface(506), and exciting a surface state of the optical resonator at theinterface of the optical resonator (508). Process 500 further includespropagating the surface state of the changed frequency at the interface(510).

Referring to FIG. 6, a photonic crystal structure 600 is shown accordingto an embodiment. Photonic crystal structure 600 may be an opticalresonator, and is shown as including a 1D photonic crystal comprisinglayers of a first material 602 and a second material 604 fabricated on asubstrate 606. Examples of 1D photonic crystals are given inYablonovitch and in Y. Fink, J. N. Winn, S. Fan, C. Chen, J. Michel, J.D. Joannopoulos, and E. L. Thomas, A Dielectric OmnidirectionalReflector, Science, Nov. 27, 1998, Volume 282, pages 1679-1682, which isincorporated herein by reference. Although shown as a 1D photoniccrystal, in other embodiments photonic crystal structure 600 may be a 2Dor 3D photonic crystal structure, and may have variations analogous tothose described below.

Although the photonic crystal structure 600 is shown having alternatinglayers, where the layers have substantially equal thicknesses, the layerthicknesses and materials of 602 and 604 may be chosen and variedaccording to the design of the photonic crystal structure 600. Forexample, the design of photonic crystal structure 600 may be such thatthe layer thicknesses are configured to vary, the layer thicknesses mayvary slightly due to fabrication imperfections, the structure mayinclude a top layer having a thickness inconsistent with the periodicityof the remainder of photonic crystal structure 600, and/or there may beother reasons for variations in the layer thicknesses. Although photoniccrystal structure 600 is shown including two different materials it mayinclude more than two types of materials. Further, although photoniccrystal structure 600 is shown having six layers in FIG. 6, it may havea different number of layers.

FIG. 6 further shows surface state 608 at interface 610 of photoniccrystal structure 600. The material or structure (not shown) forminginterface 610 with photonic crystal structure 600 may be air, vacuum, orits equivalent, a dielectric material, another photonic crystalstructure, a metal, or a different material or structure. Interface 610,although shown as being substantially continuous and planar, may have adifferent shape. In an embodiment, surface state 608 includessubstantially exponential functions with a field maximum at interface610. In another embodiment, surface state 608 includes onlyapproximately exponential functions. Surface state 608 may also bedescribed by a different function, and/or may have a field maximumsomeplace other than interface 610. Further, although surface state 608is shown at a certain location on photonic crystal structure 600 forillustrative purposes, the spatial distribution of surface state 608 mayvary. In an embodiment, surface state 608 may be excited by methods asdescribed herein in order to change the frequency of light at theinterface 610. After the frequency has changed, the surface state 608may propagate along interface 610 of photonic crystal structure 600.

Referring to FIG. 8, a block diagram of a system 800 for pumping opticalresonator device 806 is shown according to an embodiment. System 800includes processing circuit 802 and pumping light source 804. Processingcircuit 802 includes all components necessary to control and monitorpumping light source 804 (e.g., processor(s), memory, buffer(s),input(s), output(s), peripherals, storage, circuit boards, etc.) and tomonitor feedback provided by sensors configured to monitor opticalresonator device 806. In one embodiment, processing circuit 802 includesthe processing components of a computing device (e.g., a computer, alaboratory device, etc.). Pumping light source 804 includes allcomponents necessary to generate and direct light at optical resonatordevice 806. In one embodiment, pumping light source 804 includes acontrollable pump laser (e.g., a diode laser, a solid state laser, aliquid dye laser, a discharge lamp, etc.). Pumping light source 804 maybe communicably connected to processing circuit 802. Optical resonatordevice 806 may be include a resonator constructed from photoniccrystals. Optical resonator device 806 may also include sensorsconfigured to provide feedback related to an optical pumping process.The sensors may be communicable connected to processing circuit 802 andthe feedback may be utilized by processing circuit 802 in implementedthe processes described herein.

According to one embodiment, processing circuit 802 includes aprocessor. The processor may be implemented as a general-purposeprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), one ormore field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), a group of processingcomponents, or other suitable electronic processing components.Processing circuit 802 may also include a memory. The memory may includeone or more devices (e.g., RAM, ROM, Flash Memory, hard disk storage,etc.) for storing data and/or computer code for facilitating the variousprocesses described herein. The memory may be or include non-transientvolatile memory or non-volatile memory. The memory may include databasecomponents, object code components, script components, or any other typeof information structure for supporting the various activities andinformation structures described herein. The memory may be communicablyconnected to the processor and include computer code or instructions forexecuting the processes described herein (e.g., the processes shown inFIGS. 1-5). In implementing the processes described herein, processingcircuit 802 may make use of machine learning, artificial intelligence,interactions with databases and database table lookups, patternrecognition and logging, intelligent control, neural networks, fuzzylogic, etc.

The construction and arrangement of the systems and methods as shown inthe various embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a fewembodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, manymodifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions,structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values ofparameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors,orientations, etc.). For example, the position of elements may bereversed or otherwise varied and the nature or number of discreteelements or positions may be altered or varied. Accordingly, all suchmodifications are intended to be included within the scope of thepresent disclosure. The order or sequence of any process or method stepsmay be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments.Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be madein the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the embodimentswithout departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure contemplates methods, systems and programproducts on any machine-readable media for accomplishing variousoperations. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implementedusing existing computer processors, or by a special purpose computerprocessor for an appropriate system, incorporated for this or anotherpurpose, or by a hardwired system. Embodiments within the scope of thepresent disclosure include program products comprising machine-readablemedia for carrying or having machine-executable instructions or datastructures stored thereon. Such machine-readable media can be anyavailable media that can be accessed by a general purpose or specialpurpose computer or other machine with a processor. By way of example,such machine-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, CD-ROMor other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magneticstorage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or storedesired program code in the form of machine-executable instructions ordata structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose orspecial purpose computer or other machine with a processor. Wheninformation is transferred or provided over a network or anothercommunications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combinationof hardwired or wireless) to a machine, the machine properly views theconnection as a machine-readable medium. Thus, any such connection isproperly termed a machine-readable medium. Combinations of the above arealso included within the scope of machine-readable media.Machine-executable instructions include, for example, instructions anddata which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer,or special purpose processing machines to perform a certain function orgroup of functions.

Although the figures may show a specific order of method steps, theorder of the steps may differ from what is depicted. Also two or moresteps may be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Suchvariation will depend on the software and hardware systems chosen and ondesigner choice. All such variations are within the scope of thedisclosure. Likewise, software implementations could be accomplishedwith standard programming techniques with rule-based logic and otherlogic to accomplish the various connection steps, processing steps,comparison steps and decision steps.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopeand spirit being indicated by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for pumping an optical resonator,comprising: propagating a light having a first frequency through aphotonic crystal region of an optical resonator to an interface withinthe optical resonator, wherein the optical resonator includes thephotonic crystal and a material, and wherein the interface is betweenthe photonic crystal and the material; converting the light from thefirst frequency to a second frequency at the interface between thephotonic crystal and the material, the second frequency within afrequency bandgap of a surface state of the photonic crystal at theinterface; exciting the surface state of the photonic crystal at theinterface between the photonic crystal and the material using the secondfrequency; and propagating the surface state of the photonic crystalwithin a limited range within the photonic crystal along the interfaceusing the second frequency.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstfrequency is changed within a region corresponding to a modal envelopeof the surface state.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the light isallowed to propagate through only the photonic crystal.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the light comprises a propagating mode of the photoniccrystal.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the material includes asecond photonic crystal.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the secondphotonic crystal is a one-dimensional crystal.
 7. The method of claim 5,wherein the second photonic crystal is a two-dimensional crystal.
 8. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the second photonic crystal is athree-dimensional crystal.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein thematerial includes a different material than the photonic crystal, andwherein the different material includes at least one of: a metal, adielectric, and a gas.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein converting thefirst frequency is based on a non-coherent process, and wherein thenon-coherent process is based on at least one of fluorescence orsequential photon upconversion.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein thebandgap is a complete bandgap, wherein the complete bandgap extends overall wave vectors.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the bandgap is anincomplete bandgap, wherein the incomplete bandgap extends over partialwave vector ranges.
 13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium havinginstructions stored thereon, the instructions forming a programexecutable by a processing circuit to control pumping an opticalresonator, the instructions comprising: instructions to propagate alight having a first frequency through a photonic crystal region of anoptical resonator to an interface within the optical resonator, whereinthe optical resonator includes the photonic crystal and a material, andwherein the interface is between the photonic crystal and the material;instructions to convert the light from the first frequency to a secondfrequency at the interface between the photonic crystal and thematerial, the second frequency within a frequency bandgap of a surfacestate of the photonic crystal at the interface; instructions to excitethe surface state of the photonic crystal at the interface between thephotonic crystal and the material using the second frequency; andinstructions to propagate the surface state of the photonic crystalwithin a limited range within the photonic crystal along the interfaceusing the second frequency.
 14. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 13, wherein the first frequency is changed within aregion corresponding to a modal envelope of the surface state.
 15. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the lightis allowed to propagate through only the photonic crystal.
 16. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the lightcomprises a propagating mode of the photonic crystal.
 17. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein thematerial includes a second photonic crystal.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the second photoniccrystal is a one-dimensional crystal.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the second photoniccrystal is a two-dimensional crystal.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the second photoniccrystal is a three-dimensional crystal.
 21. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the material includes adifferent material than the photonic crystal, and wherein the differentmaterial includes at least one of: a metal, a dielectric, and a gas. 22.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, whereinconverting the first frequency is based on a non-coherent process, andwherein the non-coherent process is based on at least one offluorescence or sequential photon upconversion.
 23. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the bandgap is a completebandgap, wherein the complete bandgap extends over all wave vectors. 24.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein thebandgap is an incomplete bandgap, wherein the incomplete bandgap extendsover partial wave vector ranges.
 25. A system for pumping an opticalresonator, comprising: a controllable light source configured togenerate light at a first frequency; and propagate the light through aphotonic crystal region of an optical resonator to an interface withinthe optical resonator, wherein the optical resonator includes thephotonic crystal and a material, and wherein the interface is betweenthe photonic crystal and the material; a processing circuit configuredto: control the generation of the light by the light source; monitorconversion of the light from the first frequency to a second frequencyat the interface between the photonic crystal and the material, thesecond frequency within a frequency bandgap of a surface state of thephotonic crystal at the interface; monitor excitation of the surfacestate of the photonic crystal at the interface between the photoniccrystal and the material using the second frequency; and monitorpropagation of the surface state of the photonic crystal within alimited range within the photonic crystal along the interface using thesecond frequency.
 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the firstfrequency is changed within a region corresponding to a modal envelopeof the surface state.
 27. The system of claim 25, wherein the light isallowed to propagate through only the photonic crystal.
 28. The systemof claim 25, wherein the light comprises a propagating mode of thephotonic crystal.
 29. The system of claim 25, wherein the materialincludes a second photonic crystal.
 30. The system of claim 29, whereinthe second photonic crystal is a one-dimensional crystal.
 31. The systemof claim 29, wherein the second photonic crystal is at least one of atwo-dimensional crystal or a three-dimensional crystal.
 32. The systemof claim 25, wherein the material includes a different material than thephotonic crystal, and wherein the different material includes at leastone of: a metal, a dielectric, and a gas.
 33. The system of claim 25,wherein converting the first frequency is based on a non-coherentprocess, and wherein the non-coherent process is based on at least oneof fluorescence or sequential photon upconversion.
 34. The system ofclaim 25, wherein the bandgap is a complete bandgap, wherein thecomplete bandgap extends over all wave vectors.
 35. The system of claim25, wherein the bandgap is an incomplete bandgap, wherein the incompletebandgap extends over partial wave vector ranges.